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Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) When calculating the cost of debt, a company needs to adjust for taxes, because interest payments are deductible by the paying corporation.
B) When calculating the cost of preferred stock, companies must adjust for taxes, because dividends paid on preferred stock are deductible by the paying corporation.
C) Because of tax effects, an increase in the risk-free rate will have a greater effect on the after-tax cost of debt than on the cost of common stock as measured by the CAPM.
D) If a company's beta increases, this will increase the cost of equity used to calculate the WACC, but only if the company does not have enough retained earnings to take care of its equity financing and hence must issue new stock.
E) Higher flotation costs reduce investors' expected returns, and that leads to a reduction in a company's WACC.

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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The cost of capital used in capital budgeting should reflect the average cost of the various sources of investor-supplied funds a firm uses to acquire assets.

A) True
B) False

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Suppose the debt ratio (D/TA) is 50%, the interest rate on new debt is 8%, the current cost of equity is 16%, and the tax rate is 40%. An increase in the debt ratio to 60% would have to decrease the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).

A) True
B) False

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Sapp Trucking's balance sheet shows a total of noncallable $45 million long-term debt with a coupon rate of 7.00% and a yield to maturity of 6.00%. This debt currently has a market value of $50 million. The balance sheet also shows that the company has 10 million shares of common stock, and the book value of the common equity (common stock plus retained earnings) is $65 million. The current stock price is $22.50 per share; stockholders' required return, rs, is 14.00%; and the firm's tax rate is 40%. The CFO thinks the WACC should be based on market value weights, but the president thinks book weights are more appropriate. What is the difference between these two WACCs?


A) 1.55%
B) 1.72%
C) 1.91%
D) 2.13%
E) 2.36%

F) A) and D)
G) C) and D)

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S) Bouchard and Company hired you as a consultant to help estimate its cost of capital. You have obtained the following data: D0 = $0.85; P0 = $22.00; and g = 6.00% (constant) . The CEO thinks, however, that the stock price is temporarily depressed, and that it will soon rise to $40.00. Based on the DCF approach, by how much would the cost of equity from retained earnings change if the stock price changes as the CEO expects?


A) -1.49%
B) -1.66%
C) -1.84%
D) -2.03%
E) -2.23%

F) D) and E)
G) B) and C)

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Weaver Chocolate Co. expects to earn $3.50 per share during the current year, its expected dividend payout ratio is 65%, its expected constant dividend growth rate is 6.0%, and its common stock currently sells for $32.50 per share. New stock can be sold to the public at the current price, but a flotation cost of 5% would be incurred. What would be the cost of equity from new common stock?


A) 12.70%
B) 13.37%
C) 14.04%
D) 14.74%
E) 15.48%

F) D) and E)
G) B) and E)

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For a company whose target capital structure calls for 50% debt and 50% common equity, which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) The interest rate used to calculate the WACC is the average after-tax cost of all the company's outstanding debt as shown on its balance sheet.
B) The WACC is calculated on a before-tax basis.
C) The WACC exceeds the cost of equity.
D) The cost of equity is always equal to or greater than the cost of debt.
E) The cost of retained earnings typically exceeds the cost of new common stock.

F) D) and E)
G) C) and D)

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Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) The cost of capital used to evaluate a project should be the cost of the specific type of financing used to fund that project, i.e., it is the after-tax cost of debt if debt is to be used to finance the project or the cost of equity if the project will be financed with equity.
B) The after-tax cost of debt that should be used as the component cost when calculating the WACC is the average after-tax cost of all the firm's outstanding debt.
C) Suppose some of a publicly-traded firm's stockholders are not diversified; they hold only the one firm's stock. In this case, the CAPM approach will result in an estimated cost of equity that is too low in the sense that if it is used in capital budgeting, projects will be accepted that will reduce the firm's intrinsic value.
D) The cost of equity is generally harder to measure than the cost of debt because there is no stated, contractual cost number on which to base the cost of equity.
E) The bond-yield-plus-risk-premium approach is the most sophisticated and objective method for estimating a firm's cost of equity capital.

F) B) and E)
G) B) and C)

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Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) The bond-yield-plus-risk-premium approach to estimating the cost of common equity involves adding a risk premium to the interest rate on the company's own long-term bonds. The size of the risk premium for bonds with different ratings is published daily in The Wall Street Journal.
B) The WACC is calculated using a before-tax cost for debt that is equal to the interest rate that must be paid on new debt, along with the after-tax costs for common stock and for preferred stock if it is used.
C) An increase in the risk-free rate is likely to reduce the marginal costs of both debt and equity.
D) The relevant WACC can change depending on the amount of funds a firm raises during a given year. Moreover, the WACC at each level of funds raised is a weighted average of the marginal costs of each capital component, with the weights based on the firm's target capital structure.
E) Beta measures market risk, which is generally the most relevant risk measure for a publicly-owned firm that seeks to maximize its intrinsic value. However, this is not true unless all of the firm's stockholders are well diversified.

F) A) and D)
G) A) and E)

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The text identifies three methods for estimating the cost of common stock from retained earnings: the CAPM method, the DCF method, and the bond-yield-plus-risk-premium method. However, only the CAPM method always provides an accurate and reliable estimate.

A) True
B) False

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Bankston Corporation forecasts that if all of its existing financial policies are followed, its proposed capital budget would be so large that it would have to issue new common stock. Since new stock has a higher cost than retained earnings, Bankston would like to avoid issuing new stock. Which of the following actions would REDUCE its need to issue new common stock?


A) Increase the dividend payout ratio for the upcoming year.
B) Increase the percentage of debt in the target capital structure.
C) Increase the proposed capital budget.
D) Reduce the amount of short-term bank debt in order to increase the current ratio.
E) Reduce the percentage of debt in the target capital structure.

F) B) and C)
G) B) and E)

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The before-tax cost of debt, which is lower than the after-tax cost, is used as the component cost of debt for purposes of developing the firm's WACC.

A) True
B) False

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Norris Enterprises, an all-equity firm, has a beta of 2.0. The chief financial officer is evaluating a project with an expected return of 14%, before any risk adjustment. The risk-free rate is 5%, and the market risk premium is 4%. The project being evaluated is riskier than the firm's average project, in terms of both its beta risk and its total risk. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) The project should definitely be accepted because its expected return (before any risk adjustments) is greater than its required return.
B) The project should definitely be rejected because its expected return (before risk adjustment) is less than its required return.
C) Riskier-than-average projects should have their expected returns increased to reflect their higher risk. Clearly, this would make the project acceptable regardless of the amount of the adjustment.
D) The accept/reject decision depends on the firm's risk-adjustment policy. If Norris' policy is to increase the required return on a riskier-than-average project to 3% over rS, then it should reject the project.
E) Capital budgeting projects should be evaluated solely on the basis of their total risk. Thus, insufficient information has been provided to make the accept/reject decision.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

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Which of the following is NOT a capital component when calculating the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for use in capital budgeting?


A) Long-term debt.
B) Accounts payable.
C) Retained earnings.
D) Common stock.
E) Preferred stock.

F) A) and D)
G) A) and E)

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In general, firms should use their weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to evaluate capital budgeting projects because most projects are funded with general corporate funds, which come from a variety of sources. However, if the firm plans to use only debt or only equity to fund a particular project, it should use the after-tax cost of that specific type of capital to evaluate that project.

A) True
B) False

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The cost of debt is equal to one minus the marginal tax rate multiplied by the average coupon rate on all outstanding debt.

A) True
B) False

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A company's perpetual preferred stock currently sells for $92.50 per share, and it pays an $8.00 annual dividend. If the company were to sell a new preferred issue, it would incur a flotation cost of 5.00% of the issue price. What is the firm's cost of preferred stock?


A) 7.81%
B) 8.22%
C) 8.65%
D) 9.10%
E) 9.56%

F) A) and B)
G) B) and C)

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Duval Inc. uses only equity capital, and it has two equally-sized divisions. Division A's cost of capital is 10.0%, Division B's cost is 14.0%, and the corporate (composite) WACC is 12.0%. All of Division A's projects are equally risky, as are all of Division B's projects. However, the projects of Division A are less risky than those of Division B. Which of the following projects should the firm accept?


A) A Division B project with a 13% return.
B) A Division B project with a 12% return.
C) A Division A project with an 11% return.
D) A Division A project with a 9% return.
E) A Division B project with an 11% return.

F) A) and B)
G) B) and E)

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Teall Development Company hired you as a consultant to help them estimate its cost of capital. You have been provided with the following data: D1 = $1.45; P0 = $22.50; and g = 6.50% (constant) . Based on the DCF approach, what is the cost of equity from retained earnings?


A) 11.10%
B) 11.68%
C) 12.30%
D) 12.94%
E) 13.59%

F) A) and C)
G) A) and B)

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If the expected dividend growth rate is zero, then the cost of external equity capital raised by issuing new common stock (re) is equal to the cost of equity capital from retaining earnings (rs) divided by one minus the percentage flotation cost required to sell the new stock, (1 - F). If the expected growth rate is not zero, then the cost of external equity must be found using a different formula.

A) True
B) False

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