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Examples of behaviours learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT


A) both pleasant and unpleasant emotional responses.
B) simple reflexive behaviours such as blinking.
C) the physiological functioning of the immune system.
D) voluntary behaviours such as setting the table for dinner.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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The fact that the principles of conditioning are routinely applied in homes, businesses, schools, and factories show that the causes of behavior are multifactorial.

A) True
B) False

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When Kristen asks her grandmother for a cookie, her grandmother usually gives her one. Last week at the park, Kristen's mother was embarrassed when Kristen walked up to five different elderly ladies and asked them for cookies. Kristen's behaviour illustrates the concept of


A) unconditioned reinforcement.
B) stimulus generalisation.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) observational learning.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is


A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to


A) talk.
B) play baseball.
C) walk.
D) love the smell of her father's aftershave.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Josiah checks his electronic mail several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behaviour of checking his electronic mail is being reinforced on


A) a variable-interval schedule.
B) a fixed-ratio schedule.
C) a fixed-interval schedule.
D) a variable-ratio schedule.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Kylie used to bring drawings home from her kindergarten class every day. Her parents would put the pictures on the refrigerator and tell Kylie how nice the pictures were. Lately, her parents haven't been putting her artwork on the refrigerator, and now Kylie has stopped bringing drawings home with her. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of


A) punishment.
B) avoidance.
C) resistance.
D) extinction.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Social critics have expressed concern about the amount of violence on television since TV became popular and the majority of research into the impact of media violence on behaviour has focused on the role of ____________________ learning.

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The initial stage of learning a response is called


A) extinction.
B) contiguity.
C) acquisition.
D) conditioning.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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According to Skinner, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that organisms tend to repeat those responses that.


A) reduce a biological need.
B) are followed by favourable consequences.
C) decrease the probability of the consequence that produced it.
D) increase a biological need.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to


A) become potty-trained.
B) feed himself.
C) pick up his toys.
D) fear the dentist.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Anthony classically conditioned his cat to purr whenever the phone rang. One day, the phone rang for nearly two hours straight when Anthony wasn't home, and the cat's conditioned purring response underwent extinction. Today, the response has spontaneously recovered, but if the conditioned purring response were to undergo extinction again Anthony should expect that it will


A) take less time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
B) take more time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.
C) take the same amount of time to extinguish as it took for the original extinction.
D) be impossible to extinguish the response now that spontaneous recovery has occurred.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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According to Skinner, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it


A) reduces a biological need.
B) induces a biological need.
C) increases the probability of the response that produced it.
D) decreases the probability of the response that produced it.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Every time Brenda does the dishes her parents give her a rand. What type of reinforcement are Brenda's parents using?


A) classical conditioning
B) positive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) negative reinforcement

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, the dog is showing evidence of


A) spontaneous recovery.
B) conditioned emotional reactions.
C) stimulus generalisation.
D) stimulus discrimination.

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Learning to tie one's shoes is most likely acquired via the process of


A) operant conditioning.
B) reflexive conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) classical conditioning.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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The technique used to teach animals complex tricks, such as teaching pigeons to play ping-pong, is


A) respondent conditioning.
B) continuous reinforcement.
C) programming.
D) shaping.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, her "weak knees" would be


A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned response.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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April wants to teach her cat not to claw at the arms of her couch. She will be most successful in reducing the cat's scratching behaviour if she uses


A) classical conditioning.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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After owning a car with a manual transmission, Don buys a car with an automatic transmission. When first driving his new car, he keeps reaching for the nonexistent clutch and gearshift. This is an example of


A) acquisition.
B) stimulus generalisation.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) shaping.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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