Question 1

According to Turiel and his colleagues,which of the following is true of moral rules?

Accepted Answer

A)   They are based on the preferences of a specific person.
B)   They are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people.
C)   They are changeable and apply to certain groups.
D)   They are based on values,such as the safety of all humans.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 2

Identify the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget (1952) .

Accepted Answer

A)  Forming,storming,norming,and performing
B)  Sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operations,and formal operations
C)  Conservation,egocentrism,concrete operations,and informal operations
D)  Ideation,conception,commitment,and validationsE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 3

During Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development,children acquire new thinking skills to work with actual objects and events.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

According to Keller (2013) ,in the _____ cultural model,infants have a sense of security not based on a specific caregiver or relationship,but security within a network of community members.

Accepted Answer

A)   psychological autonomy
B)   hierarchical relatedness
C)   hybrid
D)   emotional dependenceE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 5

In Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development,_____ refers to the awareness that physical quantities remain the same even when they change shape or appearance.

Accepted Answer

A)   concentration
B)   centration
C)   conservation
D)   cohabitationE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

According to a study by Miller and Bersoff (1992),the American participants,both children and adults,considered not helping someone a moral transgression more than the Indian participants,regardless of the life-threatening nature of the situation or whether the person in need was related.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

In the context of differences in infant temperaments across cultures,parents in Western cultures value the harmony that is maintained through emotional restraint and emphasize and reinforce quiet behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Culture provides the meaning and consequences related to particular temperamental traits of children.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological autonomy cultural model developed by Keller (2013) ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants are part of a network of attachment relationships that are hierarchical.
B)  It views social community as an integral part of the network of attachment.
C)  Caregiving that promotes a strong bond between infants and caregivers is adaptive in nature.
D)  Infants are conceptualized as individuals who are dependent on their social community.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 10

The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between the actual developmental level of a child versus the potential developmental level that the child is capable of with some assistance by more knowledgeable others.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

A child who regards a book lying on its side as "tired" or "needing a rest," or thinks that the moon is following him or her is most likely to be in the _____ stage of Piaget's cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

A)   sensorimotor
B)   preoperational
C)   concrete operations
D)   formal operationsE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of Bowlby's (1969) evolutionary theory of attachment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mothers of securely attached infants have been characterized as being insensitive and uninvolved.
B)  Mothers of securely attached infants are suspected of being intrusive and overstimulating.
C)  Infants explore their environment,regardless of the proximity to an attachment figure.
D)  Infants have a preprogrammed,biological basis for becoming attached to their caregivers.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 13

According to Jensen,the concepts related to religion,spirituality,and divinity are least important to the moral belief systems in the majority of cultures around the world.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Identify a universal developmental pathway for children across cultures.

Accepted Answer

A)  Children form attachment relationships to their caregivers and communities.
B)  Children exhibit the same pattern of temperamental styles.
C)  Children continue to think about the world in the same way as they get older.
D)  Children do not view morality based on obligations to significant others.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 15

The findings from a number of cross-cultural studies have suggested that the _____ and _____ stages of Kohlberg's theory of morality may be universal.

Accepted Answer

A)   preconventional;postconventional
B)   preconventional;conventional
C)   conventional;postconventional
D)   postconventional;transgressionalE) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 16

In the context of human development,developmental contextualism counters traditional views of development where either nature or nurture was emphasized to a greater degree than the other.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

_____ is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth.

Accepted Answer

A)  Aberration
B)  Indisposition
C)  Temperament
D)  CentrationE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is a concern raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A)   The ages associated with each stage of development are the same across cultures.
B)   The four stages do not always occur in the same order in every culture.
C)   There is cultural variation in the order in which children acquire specific skills within Piaget's stages.
D)   It assumes that the scientific reasoning associated with formal operations is not the universal end point of cognitive development.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 19

Identify an accurate statement about the hierarchical relatedness cultural model developed by Keller (2013) .

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants are conceptualized as autonomous,unique individuals.
B)  The caregivers use a more directive approach in raising their children.
C)  The primary relationship for infants is not with the entire social community,but with one or few caregivers.
D)  It emphasizes both unique attachment relationships with one caregiver and views the social community as another integral part of the network of attachment.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

Which of the following is a criticism of the Strange Situation method developed by Ainsworth to measure attachment?

Accepted Answer

A)  It does not take into consideration the interaction between a stranger and an infant.
B)  It focuses only on the separation of infants from their mothers.
C)  It cuts out key cultural features that are necessary for interpreting attachment behaviors.
D)  It observes parent-child interactions only in natural environments that were void of the cultural context.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Exam 4: Culture and Developmental Processes

A child who regards a book lying on its side as "tired" or "needing a rest," or thinks that the moon is following him or her is most likely to be in the _____ stage of Piaget's cognitive development.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The findings from a number of cross-cultural studies have suggested that the _____ and _____ stages of Kohlberg's theory of morality may be universal.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Jensen,the concepts related to religion,spirituality,and divinity are least important to the moral belief systems in the majority of cultures around the world.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Turiel and his colleagues,which of the following is true of moral rules?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between the actual developmental level of a child versus the potential developmental level that the child is capable of with some assistance by more knowledgeable others.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of human development,developmental contextualism counters traditional views of development where either nature or nurture was emphasized to a greater degree than the other.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Culture provides the meaning and consequences related to particular temperamental traits of children.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a concern raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true of Bowlby's (1969) evolutionary theory of attachment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Identify the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget (1952) .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development,_____ refers to the awareness that physical quantities remain the same even when they change shape or appearance.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological autonomy cultural model developed by Keller (2013) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of differences in infant temperaments across cultures,parents in Western cultures value the harmony that is maintained through emotional restraint and emphasize and reinforce quiet behaviors.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Keller (2013) ,in the _____ cultural model,infants have a sense of security not based on a specific caregiver or relationship,but security within a network of community members.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Identify an accurate statement about the hierarchical relatedness cultural model developed by Keller (2013) .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Identify a universal developmental pathway for children across cultures.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development,children acquire new thinking skills to work with actual objects and events.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to a study by Miller and Bersoff (1992),the American participants,both children and adults,considered not helping someone a moral transgression more than the Indian participants,regardless of the life-threatening nature of the situation or whether the person in need was related.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a criticism of the Strange Situation method developed by Ainsworth to measure attachment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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The findings from a number of cross-cultural studies have suggested that the _ and _ stages of Kohlberg's theory of morality may be universal.

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