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Whenever deception is used,the researcher has the ethical responsibility to


A) tell the participant about the deception as part of the informed consent procedure.
B) withhold information from the participant concerning the reasons for using deception.
C) debrief the participant about the deception.
D) maintain confidentiality regarding the use of deception.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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The primary goal of publishing research in a psychology journal is


A) to communicate the results to the scientific community and society.
B) to increase chances for continued funding of the research program.
C) to provide a method for debriefing research participants.
D) all of these

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Participants in a study described as investigating "aspects of intelligence and social awareness" completed "intelligence problems" in small groups.Without their knowledge,half of the students were given easy problems,and half were given difficult problems.The students with easy problems finished easily in the allotted time,while the remaining students struggled.After the intelligence problems,the investigators asked students to complete social comparison measures (i.e.,how they rate themselves compared to others) .Participants in this study


A) experienced minimal risk, because students take tests as part of their everyday life.
B) were "at risk," because of the deception.
C) did not face social risk because they were anonymous.
D) did not require debriefing because the investigator described the purpose of the study.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Researchers may not be required to obtain informed consent in which of the following situations?


A) when doing research with children
B) when doing research that involves more than minimal risk
C) when observing behavior in public settings with no intervention
D) when asking participants to complete questionnaires on the Internet

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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When there is no way to connect a research participant's responses with that participant's identifying information (e.g.,name,identification number) ,the responses are said to be


A) confidential.
B) consensual.
C) anonymous.
D) minimal.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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To ensure the welfare of participants in studies based on the Milgram experiment,recent modifications of the obedience procedure included


A) telling participants prior to the experiment that the shock they would administer was not real.
B) showing participants photos from the original obedience studies from the 1960s.
C) withholding payment for participation until all participants completed the study.
D) stopping the experiment once participants administered 150 volts, rather than 450.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Ethical problems can best be avoided by careful planning and by consulting appropriate individuals


A) prior to beginning the research.
B) after testing several participants.
C) after the research has been completed.
D) after concerns about research are raised in the media.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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In which of the following situations could individuals be vulnerable to excessive inducement or pressure to participate in research?


A) requiring prisoners to participate in a psychology experiment
B) asking college students to participate in research to fulfill a class requirement and giving them an alternative method to meet the requirement
C) paying college students $2 an hour to be in a psychology experiment
D) all of these

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Debriefing individuals following their participation in research follows directly from the moral principles of


A) confidentiality and privacy.
B) malfeasance and dignity.
C) human interest and gratitude.
D) beneficence and respect.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following is one of the arguments against the use of deception in psychological research?


A) Deception is similar to "technical illusions" frequently used in society.
B) Deception is sometimes required to cause participants to adopt certain attitudes or behaviors.
C) General moral principles are occasionally suspended in other areas of life, such as in legal situations.
D) Deception causes people to believe psychologists are "tricksters" or liars.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Researchers who conduct research with individuals who have limited ability to understand the nature of the research and its possible risks


A) must obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian and from the participants themselves.
B) do not need to obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardians and should strive, when feasible, to get assent from the participants themselves.
C) do not need to obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian, nor get assent from the participants themselves.
D) must obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian and should strive, when feasible, to get assent from the participants themselves.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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When making reference in your paper to an original source that you have not read but learned about in a secondary source (such as a textbook) ,you should


A) not mention any source at all so as not to confuse the reader.
B) omit the information entirely until you read the original source.
C) cite the original source of the information, not the source you read.
D) cite the secondary source in which you found the original source, and write, "as cited in...."

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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When citing another person's thinking or ideas,a "substantial element" refers to


A) any key idea or concept, even a single word.
B) phrases that are at least 10 or more words.
C) anything that requires quotation marks in the citation.
D) concepts that are cited in a secondary source.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following is typically not one of the dimensions a researcher should consider when deciding what information is private and what safeguards should be employed?


A) sensitivity of the information
B) source of the information
C) how the information will be disseminated
D) setting in which behavior is observed

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Ethical issues associated with Internet (online) research


A) are not subject to the APA Code of Ethics.
B) are not as serious as those associated with in-person research because Internet research is more anonymous.
C) include informed consent, debriefing, and confidentiality.
D) all of these

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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In the Milgram obedience studies,deception took place because


A) participants were told the study was about obedience to authority figures.
B) all the participants were male.
C) psychological researchers don't usually wear white lab coats.
D) participants believed they were shocking another person.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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According to the APA Ethical Standards,psychologists must inform participants of the nature of the research,that participants are free to participate or to decline to participate,and that they may withdraw from the research.These requirements (among others) are necessary to ensure the participants'


A) anonymity and confidentiality.
B) risk level.
C) informed consent.
D) debriefing.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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The suggestion that animals be used in research only when the results of the research have direct,apparent application to humans is most threatening to


A) research animals.
B) funding programs for applied research.
C) basic research.
D) all of these

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Identify the conditions under which participants are considered to be "at risk."

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Participants are considered "at risk" wh...

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The ethical standards of the APA's ethics code


A) are general ethical principles that researchers apply to their own research situation.
B) include clear rules for how research should be conducted in specific situations.
C) provide a set of specific rules for how to solve ethical dilemmas in psychological research.
D) provide principles for conducting research that are never contradictory.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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